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Electrons are these particles.
Ions are the particles that allow electrolysis to occur. Positively charged cations and negatively charged anions move towards the electrodes to undergo oxidation and reduction reactions, respectively, during the electrolysis process.
In this process, iron is the reactant undergoing oxidation, while oxygen is the reactant driving the oxidation reaction that causes iron to rust.
This process is called cellular respiration and is an oxidation.
Photosynthesis does not involve an oxidation process. Instead, it is a metabolic process in plants where they use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.