Yes. The eroded particles can make their way - by streams and rivers to the oceans where they would form the seabed. Layer upon layer of such sediments would exert pressure on lower sediments so that these particles coalesced into sedimentary rock.
You can also have metamorphic rocks which are formed under intense heat and pressure under the surface of the earth. For example, limestone is a sedimentary form of [mainly] calcium carbonate. Give it lots of heat and pressure and you get the metamorphic version: marble.
Finally, there are rocks that for when the magma cools and solidifies. This could be at the boundaries of the earth's molten core or in volcanic ejecta.
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After many years, as rocks are eroded, gases trapped in them will be released into the atmosphere so in a way rocks are "storage rooms" for gases just as our Earth is.
Yes, a rock can go through the rock cycle multiple times. Rocks can be weathered, eroded, and transformed into sedimentary rocks; then, with additional heat and pressure, they can be converted into metamorphic rocks; and eventually, they can be melted and recrystallized into igneous rocks, completing the cycle.
In the rock cycle, rocks undergo continuous transformation through processes like weathering, erosion, deposition, and metamorphism. Igneous rocks can be weathered and eroded into sediment, which can then be compacted and cemented to form sedimentary rocks. These rocks can be subjected to heat and pressure to become metamorphic rocks, which can then melt and cool to form new igneous rocks, completing the cycle.
Magma cannot directly become sedimentary rock in the rock cycle. Magma forms igneous rocks when it cools and solidifies. Sedimentary rocks form from the weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition of pre-existing rocks, not from magma.
Erosion is a key external process in the rock cycle where rocks are broken down and transported by wind, water, or ice. Deposition is another external process where eroded materials settle and accumulate in new locations, eventually forming sedimentary rocks.