batch fermentation : fermenter is filled ONCE until its full, (no more substrate added through reaction), no product harvesting tale place during process. Product is harvested after the completion of the process.
fed batch : fermenter is only partly filled (certain amount of substrate is added throughout the reaction), one or more nutrients (substrates) are fed (supplied) to the bioreactor during cultivation and in which the product(s) remain in the bioreactor until the end of the run.
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In fed-batch fermentation, nutrients or substrate are continuously added during the fermentation process to allow for prolonged growth and product formation. This technique helps to avoid substrate inhibition and maintain optimal conditions for cell growth. In batch fermentation, all nutrients are added at the beginning and the fermentation is allowed to proceed until completion, without additional nutrients being added.
alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation
A grass-fed cow typically produces less methane gas than a corn-fed cow. This is because the fermentation of grass in the cow's digestive system produces lower methane emissions compared to the fermentation of corn. Additionally, grass-fed cows tend to have a more balanced diet that leads to better digestion and reduced methane production.
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Mutualistic relationship. P. bursaria benefits from the photosynthetic capabilities of the zoochlorellae, which in turn receive a protected environment and nutrients from the host.
Grass-fed beef production generally has a lower carbon footprint compared to conventional beef production because grass-fed cattle produce less methane, a potent greenhouse gas, than grain-fed cattle.