A single buyer is referred to as a "monopsonist." This term is used in economics to describe a situation in which there is only one buyer in the market.
The term that best defines a bacteria that can survive without oxygen is "anaerobic." Anaerobic bacteria do not require oxygen for growth and metabolism.
A huge desert sandstorm is commonly referred to as a "haboob." This term originates from the Arabic word "habb," meaning wind. Haboobs can create dangerous conditions due to low visibility and strong winds.
endospores
That something will (naturally) survive and persist over the long term.
Sodium hydroxide is commonly referred to as lye or caustic soda.
There is no specific term for such polynomials. They may be referred to as are polynomials with only purely complex roots.
Germany is commonly referred to as the "fatherland" in English translations of its native term "Vaterland." This term is used to signify a strong sense of national identity and patriotism.
only the healthiest species survive weak and sick individuals usually perish
It is actually referred to as a gelding.
The term "Celtic Tiger" was a reference to the Irish economy when it was very strong, not to Ireland itself. It came from the reference to some of the strong economies in Asian as being Asian tigers. As Ireland is a Celtic nation, the term used was "Celtic Tiger". The Irish economy is not as strong now as it was a few years ago, so the economy as it is now is no longer referred to as the Celtic Tiger.
"Strong" is very much a subjective term. Not only that, but it depends on expectations. In economics I would consider 70% to be a strong correlation, but for physics I would want more than 95% before I called the correlation strong!
Hellenistic
Mitochondria
They are referred to as "conquistadors".
Trappers
A political candidate who is not a leading contender but receives unexpectedly strong support is often referred to as a "dark horse" candidate. This term is used to describe someone who emerges as a strong competitor despite having initially been underestimated or overlooked.