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What are the steps in cell mediated immune process?
Antigen presentation: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) process and present antigens to T cells. T cell activation: APCs activate T cells by binding to their T cell receptors and providing co-stimulatory signals. T cell proliferation and differentiation: Activated T cells undergo clonal expansion and differentiate into effector T cells, such as cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. Target cell destruction: Effector T cells recognize and kill infected or abnormal cells through various mechanisms, such as releasing cytotoxic molecules or activating other immune cells.
What T-cell causes the B-cell lymphocyte to multiply in response to an infection?
Helper T-cells, also known as CD4+ T-cells, are responsible for activating B-cells in response to an infection. Helper T-cells recognize antigens presented by B-cells and release cytokines that stimulate B-cell proliferation and antibody production. This interaction is important for the adaptive immune response to effectively combat infections.
What activates the B and T cells?
Naive T cells are activated by antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells). This begins when an antigen (eg. bacterial protein) is taken up/detected by a dendritic cell. In order for the T cell to become activated, it requires 3 different signals:1. MHC (Major Histocompatibilty Complex) presenting foreign antigen to a T cell receptor -> creates specificity so that the T cell relates to this antigen2. B7 (on dendritic cell) binds to CD28 (on T cell) - this is known as the co-stimulatory signal. This is basically how the T cell knows that it is interacting with a "professional" antigen presenting cell. Without this signal, the T cell will not be activated by the MHC/antigen signal.3. Cytokines - these are signalling molecules released by the dendritic cells and stimulate T cell differentiation (tells the T cells what functions to undergo).
What structure is part of a muscle cells membrane that delivers signals to sarcomere?
The transverse (T) tubules are structures in a muscle cell's membrane that deliver signals from the cell surface to the sarcomeres, which are the contractile units of the muscle cell. These T-tubules help coordinate muscle contraction by allowing the signal for muscle contraction to penetrate deeply into the cell.
Is T cell activation antigen specific?
Yes, T cell activation is antigen-specific. T cells recognize specific antigenic peptides presented by antigen-presenting cells through the T cell receptor (TCR). This interaction leads to T cell activation and the initiation of an immune response against the specific antigen.
A large white blood cell that can destroy substances such as cell debris dust pollen and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis?
The white blood cell described is likely a macrophage. Macrophages are immune cells that engulf and digest foreign particles, such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens, through a process called phagocytosis. They play a vital role in the immune response by helping to eliminate harmful substances from the body.
What kind of cell can engulf bacteria or make antibodies?
Inside the human body, a particular type of white blood cell called a macrophage will engulf and digest bacteria.
A white blood cell necessary for B cells to develop normal levels of antibodies?
Well firstly an antigen presenting cell like dendritic cell or macrophage is needed. Secondly you also need a T cell that is complementary to the B cell. B cell will only become plasma cell when it receives the full signal 1. Stimuli: CD4 from T cell interacting with BcR/antigen complex on B cell 2. Co-stimuli: CD40L (CD154) on T cell interacting with CD40 on B cell This interaction allows T cell to secrete IL4, this binds to IL4R on B cell thus receive signal for proliferating and differentiating.
How do the receptor molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes able to recognize different peptides on the surface of the macrophage?
atoms
What T-cell causes the B-cell lymphocyte to multiply in response to an infection?
Helper T-cells, also known as CD4+ T-cells, are responsible for activating B-cells in response to an infection. Helper T-cells recognize antigens presented by B-cells and release cytokines that stimulate B-cell proliferation and antibody production. This interaction is important for the adaptive immune response to effectively combat infections.
Why does a macrophage place antigens on its surface?
When a macrophage engulfs a foreign antigen, it phagocytizes it (or breaks it down) using enzymes. The fragments (called epitopes) of the original antigen are transported to the cell surface so that helper T-cells that specifically match the antigen can recognize it. When that happens, the helper-T cells are able to trigger a specific immune response to that exact antigen by stimulating more helper-T cells to be produced and by triggering B-cells to secrete antigen-specific antibodies that mark infected cells for destruction by killer T-cells.
What healing properties has Chinese herbalism demonstrated in medical research?
T-cell and macrophage activity and interferon production was increased in patients using the Chinese herbs ganoderma, lentinus, and polyporous, helping the body fight cancer cells.
Is there a Chinese herb to help fight cancer?
Research also showed that T-cell and macrophage activity and interferon production were increased in patients using the Chinese herbs ganoderma , lentinus, and polyporus, helping the body fight cancer cells
What are macrophages specialized for?
macrophages can be considered one of the many "defenses" that work to help protect our immune system. they do have a special role. they engage in phagocytosis which is the process in which a macrophage engulfs cellular debris or dead cellular material and pathogens. the material goes into the internal part of the macrophage (vacuole) it then travel to the lysosomes where the waste is broken down and it then the reduced material is released extracellularly or intracellulary. in the case of a pathogen a macrophage will present an antigen for the particular pathogen in order for the immune system to identify it. each antigen has a specific helper T cell for each pathogen.
How does hiv take over and reproduce in t cells?
The HIV viral cell attaches itself to a T-cell in a lock and key fashion. It specifically targets these cells. Once it attaches itself, it begins the process of entering the cell until it reaches the nucleus of the T-cell. There is goes about converting the genetic structure of the T-cell until eventually, a new HIV cells is produced. In most cases, the T-cell dies in the process. This process is produced millions of times over. This is why it is said that the HIV virus destroys the immune system.
What role does the macrophage play in?
presents antigens of an engulfed pathogen in its class II MHC molecules to helper T cells, and releases IL-1
How are helper t cells activated?
Helper T cells are activated when their T cell receptor interacts with an antigen-presenting cell that has processed and presented a specific antigen to them. This interaction triggers the helper T cell to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells that help coordinate the immune response. Co-stimulatory signals from the antigen-presenting cell also play a crucial role in activating helper T cells.
