The movement of large particles of solid food or whole cells into the cell is called phagocytosis. Phagocytosis occurs in three separate steps.
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It has something to do with the plasma membrane of the cell that allows movement of material into and out of a cell. Yes, but they have to have some sort of "windows" and doorways" which in this case are proteins.
Osmosis is the movement of water particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, across a semi-permeable membrane.
Endocytosis and exocytosis are the two types of molecular movement across membranes that require vesicles. Endocytosis involves the engulfment of molecules or particles into a cell by vesicles formed from the cell membrane, while exocytosis involves the release of molecules or particles out of a cell via vesicles fusing with the cell membrane.
Ectoplasm is a gel-like substance that helps with cell movement and shape changes in some organisms. It plays a role in amoeboid movement where the cell extends and retracts pseudopods for locomotion. Additionally, it can aid in capturing food particles by engulfing them in the cell membrane.
Robert Brown is credited with discovering Brownian motion in 1827, which is the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid. Cell diffusion, on the other hand, refers to the movement of molecules across a cell membrane and was not specifically discovered by Robert Brown in 1827.