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Carbonate hardness is the measure of hard ions associated with carbonate and bicarbonate anions contained in the water.

Noncarbonate hardness is the portion of total hardness in water that is not produced by carbonates, but primarily by sulfate anions.

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Carbonate hardness, also known as temporary hardness, is due to the presence of bicarbonate and carbonate ions in water. Noncarbonate hardness, also known as permanent hardness, is caused by the presence of sulfate, chloride, and nitrate ions in water. Both types of hardness contribute to the overall hardness of water, affecting its suitability for different uses.

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Q: What is difference between carbonate and noncarbonate hardness?
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