If thrown directly upwards, it slows down due to gravitational attraction and aerodynamic drag. It reaches a maximum height and then falls. Its rate of descent is accelerated by the earth's gravity but decelerated by aerodynamic drag. If thrown at an angle, it follows a trajectory in which the vertical motion is accompanied by horizontal motion which is decelerated by aerodynamic drag.
If you disregard drag, then the vertical motion is symmetrical: at any height the speed going up is exactly the same as the speed on descent. Also, for a body thrown at an angle, the trajectory is a parabola.
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It sure works on Earth. It works everywhere. If there is no net force on an object, the object will not accelerate. Vice versa, if the object does not accelerate, that means there is no net force on the object.
No, an object that is not moving relative to Earth does not experience a blue shift. A blue shift occurs when an object is moving towards an observer, causing the light waves to be compressed and appear bluer.
The Earth orbits around the Sun. This motion is what creates our year as the Earth completes a full orbit approximately every 365 days.
In order for a body to escape the gravitational pull of the Earth, it needs to be thrown up with an initial velocity equal to or greater than the escape velocity of around 11.2 km/s. This velocity allows the object to overcome the gravitational pull of the Earth and continue traveling away from it indefinitely.
An orbit and a revolution are roughly the same thing as the Earth orbits or revolves around the sun, and the moon around the Earth. Rotation refers to the spinning of the celestial being. Earth for example, rotates every 24 hours.