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Intermolecular forces -
Van Der Waals (London Dispersion Forces) mainly
Also includes Dipole-Dipole and Induced-Dipole forces in certain compounds,
These are weak however so all can be classed together when broken ( Vapourized into a gas)
Considerable strengths are Hydrogen Bonding (If H and Fluorine, Oxygen or Nitrogen) are present in the sample.
E.g the Entropy of Vapourization of most liquids is 85 - 90 Joules per Kelvin Per Mole
However for water (with Hydrogen Bonding) it is around 110 Joules Per Kelvin per Mole.
Summary - Intermolecular forces, special if have Hydrogen Bonding (1/10th covalent bond)
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What do dipole dipole forces do?
Hold polar molecules together
Do liquid molecules have a strong attraction to one another?
Yes, liquid molecules have a moderate attraction to one another due to intermolecular forces like van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding. These forces hold the molecules together in a more organized manner compared to gases, but with less rigidity than in solids.
Why are some atoms or molecules in liquid form and not a solid?
Atoms or molecules in a liquid state have enough energy to overcome the forces holding them in a solid structure, but not enough energy to break apart and become a gas. The temperature and pressure conditions determine whether a substance will be in a solid, liquid, or gas state.
How do intermolecular forces determine a substance's state?
Intermolecular forces determine a substance's state by influencing the attractions and interactions between its particles. A substance with strong intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonding, tends to be solid or liquid at room temperature. Weak intermolecular forces, like London dispersion forces, make a substance more likely to be a gas.
Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 is nonpolar what forces hold the molecules together?
Van der Waals forces, specifically dispersion forces, hold the nonpolar CCl4 molecules together. These forces are caused by temporary fluctuations in electron distribution within the molecules, creating weak attractions between them.
What do dipole dipole forces do?
Hold polar molecules together
What do the molecules in a liquid hold together?
The molecules in a liquid are held together by intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, and dipole-dipole interactions. These forces are weaker than the covalent bonds within the molecules themselves, allowing the molecules to move past each other while still remaining close together.
What is the hypothesis describing the behavior of molecules when a substance changes from a gas to a liquid?
The hypothesis regarding the behavior of molecules when a substance changes from a gas to a liquid is that as the temperature decreases, the kinetic energy of the molecules decreases, causing them to come closer together and form intermolecular forces. Eventually, these forces become strong enough to hold the molecules together in a liquid state instead of allowing them to move freely as in a gas.
Is the force of attraction stronger in the molecules of a solid or liquid?
The force of attraction is generally stronger in the molecules of a solid compared to a liquid. In a solid, the molecules are closely packed and have limited movement, allowing for stronger intermolecular forces to hold them together. In a liquid, the molecules have more freedom to move, resulting in weaker intermolecular forces.
Do liquid molecules have a strong attraction to one another?
Yes, liquid molecules have a moderate attraction to one another due to intermolecular forces like van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding. These forces hold the molecules together in a more organized manner compared to gases, but with less rigidity than in solids.
Why are some atoms or molecules in liquid form and not a solid?
Atoms or molecules in a liquid state have enough energy to overcome the forces holding them in a solid structure, but not enough energy to break apart and become a gas. The temperature and pressure conditions determine whether a substance will be in a solid, liquid, or gas state.
What holds liquids together?
The cohesive forces between liquid molecules, such as hydrogen bonding or van der Waals forces, hold liquids together. These forces create a surface tension that allows liquids to maintain a compact shape and form droplets.
Why do molecules stay together in outer space?
Molecules stay together in outer space due to intermolecular forces such as Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic attractions. These forces help hold atoms together within molecules and molecules together in solid, liquid, or gaseous states, even in the vacuum of space.
How do intermolecular forces determine a substance's state?
Intermolecular forces determine a substance's state by influencing the attractions and interactions between its particles. A substance with strong intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonding, tends to be solid or liquid at room temperature. Weak intermolecular forces, like London dispersion forces, make a substance more likely to be a gas.
Do liquid particles have bonds?
The liquid particles, if molecules, have bonds which hold the ATOMS together in the molecule. There are also intermolecular forces of attraction BETWEEN the molecules.
Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 is nonpolar what forces hold the molecules together?
Van der Waals forces, specifically dispersion forces, hold the nonpolar CCl4 molecules together. These forces are caused by temporary fluctuations in electron distribution within the molecules, creating weak attractions between them.
What type of intermolecular forces hold morphine molecules together?
hydrogen bonds
