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What causes high amylase and lipase levels?
High pancreatic enzyme levels are characteristic of pancreatitis. If pancreatic enzymes are unable to pass into the intestine, they begin to work on surrounding tissue, resulting in an inflamed pancreas and malabsorption. Essentially, the digestive enzymes begin to digest the pancreatic tissue instead.
What happens to an enzyme-substrate reaction when the enzyme has been subjected to heat or high-low pH?
When an enzyme is subjected to heat or extreme pH levels, it can denature, losing its specific shape and functionality. This can affect the enzyme's ability to bind to the substrate and catalyze the reaction efficiently. In extreme cases, the enzyme may become permanently inactivated.
What things might slow down or speed up and enzyme reaction?
Factors that can slow down an enzyme reaction include low substrate concentration, low pH levels, high temperature, or the presence of inhibitors. Conversely, factors that can speed up an enzyme reaction include high substrate concentration, optimal pH levels, optimal temperature, or the presence of activators.
How does low temperatures affect enzymes?
cold temperatures cause enzymes to inactivate, meaning they are no longer useful. at height temperatures enzymes denature, meaning they are also no longer useful. The difference is that at low temperature, when an enzyme inactivates it can always be heated, and used again. Yet after an enzyme is denatured by heat it is destroyed, this is because the heat causes the enzymes to lose its shape, making it imposible for the substrate to react with the enzyme.
What stimulates the renin-angiotensin system?
Stimuli such as low blood pressure, low blood volume, and low sodium levels in the blood can activate the renin-angiotensin system. These triggers result in the release of renin, an enzyme that starts the cascade leading to the production of angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor.
