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Emphysematous changes are primarily caused by long-term exposure to irritants, such as cigarette smoke or air pollution, which lead to damage in the alveoli and lung tissue. This damage results in the breakdown of the walls of the alveoli, reducing their ability to effectively exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. Over time, this can lead to breathing difficulties and decreased lung function characteristic of emphysema.

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Q: What causes emphysematous changes?
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