"The beginnings of the arts we call chemical are lost to us in the buried civilizations that have left no records sufficiently decipherable to afford us definite knowledge, but so far as records and remains of the oldest civilizations exist they give evidence of the great antiquity of the chemical arts."----Stillman
Metallic objects are among the most important evidence that have survived from ancient civilizations. The different metals were often associated by the ancients with the gods and the planets.
The earliest metals used were those that occurred in their native form. COPPER and GOLD have been found in very ancient remains of both Egypt and Mesopotamia.
Methods were later discovered for obtaining metals from their ores by smelting. The discovery of BRONZE followed as a result of the melting together of tin and copper. Bronze objects have been found in Egypt of about 2500 B.C. and in Ur and Eridu in Mesopotamia of about 3500-3000 B.C. ASEM (the electum of the Greeks and Romans) was known to the Egyptians, but the concept of alloys was unknown in this period. Methods were developed in Egypt and Mesopotamia for purifying and assaying gold and SILVER. IRON, TIN, and LEAD were used by the ancients later than gold, copper and bronze. The first iron was probably of meteoric origin. The metallurgical arts became an important part of the culture of Egypt and Assyro-Babylonia, and a close association of the metals to the priests, temples and gods was established.
A great number of chemical substances, other than the metals, were known to the ancients: pigments (cinnabar, ferric oxide), glazes, glass (cobalt, copper), lapis lazuli, detergents, etc.
Several early writers describe the chemical processes known at the time, especially:
By this time, many chemical processes were well known:
Two Egyptian papyri, dating from the very early Christian Era, contain directions and recipes for the imitation of precious metal and gems, the whitening of pearls, dyeing of wool, etc.
The imitation of precious metals as here described is to be distinguished from the later efforts at transmutation by the alchemists, who showed less comprehension of practical chemistry than these earlier Egyptians from whom, to a large extent, they drew their inspiration.
The civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia developed many chemical processes and methods, a form of practical technology that was transmitted to the generations that followed. Although the ancients did not speculate on the changes that occurred in their processes, they did influence the thinking of the later Western World.
During the practical art period, which lasted from the 15th to the 17th century, there were several significant developments in chemistry. One key advancement was the discovery of various chemical elements, such as Mercury and sulfur. Alchemists also made progress in understanding the concept of chemical reactions and the transformation of substances. Additionally, the period saw the development of new techniques for distillation, crystallization, and purification of chemicals, which laid the foundation for modern chemistry.
The ancient period, which focused on philosophical approaches to understanding matter. The alchemical period, which involved the search for the Philosopher's Stone and the transmutation of metals. The phlogiston theory period, which attempted to explain combustion and other chemical reactions. The development of the atomic theory by Dalton, which proposed that matter is made up of indivisible atoms. The modern period, which includes advancements in understanding the structure of atoms, molecules, and the periodic table.
The period of prenatal development where major organs start developing is called the embryonic period. This stage typically occurs from about week 4 to week 8 after fertilization. This is a critical period for organ development and any disruptions during this time can lead to significant birth defects.
Nineteenth-century chemistry refers to the scientific study of matter and the changes it undergoes during the 1800s. This period saw significant advancements in understanding chemical elements, compounds, and reactions, leading to the development of fundamental theories such as atomic theory and the periodic table by scientists like John Dalton and Dmitri Mendeleev. The Industrial Revolution also fueled growth in chemical research and applications during this time.
If teratogens are introduced during the germinal period of development (first two weeks after conception), it is most likely that the pregnancy will not continue, resulting in a miscarriage. This is because exposure to teratogens during this time can disrupt the normal development of the embryo and prevent it from implanting properly in the uterus.
The period during embryo development when the embryo is alive but not actively growing is called the embryonic diapause. This is a state of suspended animation that allows the embryo to delay development until environmental conditions are more favorable for survival.
what is the historical development of psychology during the ancient period
briefly explain the development in africa during the pyramid in africa
The ancient period, which focused on philosophical approaches to understanding matter. The alchemical period, which involved the search for the Philosopher's Stone and the transmutation of metals. The phlogiston theory period, which attempted to explain combustion and other chemical reactions. The development of the atomic theory by Dalton, which proposed that matter is made up of indivisible atoms. The modern period, which includes advancements in understanding the structure of atoms, molecules, and the periodic table.
Interphase
When the baby is born
development
Right
The rise of organized crime during the period
The period of prenatal development where major organs start developing is called the embryonic period. This stage typically occurs from about week 4 to week 8 after fertilization. This is a critical period for organ development and any disruptions during this time can lead to significant birth defects.
The critical period was important because it was a time during development when certain skills or behaviors must be learned. If these skills are not acquired during this period, it can be much harder or even impossible to learn them later in life. This concept has been particularly studied in language acquisition and early childhood development.
The first three years of life is considered to be the most sensitive period for language development. During this time, children are rapidly absorbing and processing language skills that will form the foundation for their future language abilities. Early exposure to language-rich environments and interactions during this critical period is crucial for fostering language development.
Social reforms brought about in the Indian society during Medieval Period include the rise of Indian feudalism and proliferation of castes. It also includes development in local cultures as well as development in literature.