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Living conditions and work opportunities in the countryside are less favourable than in the cities. This was even more marked in the past when communications and transports were less developed and economic activities were concentrated in industrial centres. Farm labour is hard work and is badly paid. Despite these factors, historically farmers who owned their own land have been remarkably attached to their property, and mass rural exodus was started or accelerated by transformation or loss of land property, often by forcible means: for instance, enclosure of common land, the abolition of slavery, land reform or mass foreclosure of farms, as was the case in the '20s and '30s due to draught and a fall in agricultural prices. In some countries, rural residents displaced by war may flock to cities.

Many countries have, in the past, tried to limit the inflow of rural migrants to cities, through residence permits, housing policies or internal passports. Among modern nations, China is a notable example for each of those.

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Factors contributing to rural exodus include lack of job opportunities, limited access to education and healthcare, poor infrastructure, lower quality of life compared to urban areas, and the perception of better opportunities in cities. These factors often push individuals to migrate from rural areas to urban centers in search of better living conditions and economic prospects.

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Q: What are the Factors responsible for rural exodus?
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