An atom is the smallest unit of ordinary matter that forms a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are extremely small, typically around 100 picometers across. They are so small that accurately predicting their behaviour using classical physics—as if they were tennis balls.
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An atom with 16 protons is the element sulfur (S).
By definition, ethers must contain at least one oxygen atom.
Yes, that is part of the definition of electron affinity.
Atoms by definition are neutral. Once they gain or lose electrons and acquire a charge, they are called ions.
valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost energy level