It can take as long as you want; if we ever get around to building a Beanstalk (aka space elevator) you *could* literally walk up to orbit. The limits are how much stress (in terms of G-forces) your payload can take and how much fuel your rocket can carry (and remember that you need fuel to get that fuel to fly). Although Project Orion proposed using nuclear bombs as propulsion, rather than rockets, but that's not something you want to use in Earth's atmosphere.
Anyway, assuming limitless weightless fuel (which is kind of impossible), a rocket could climb at one inch per second and eventually make orbit; the problem is that in the real world there ain't no such animal.
Short answer: NASA's Space Shuttle typically took eight to ten minutes to reach orbit.
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It takes roughly 8-10 minutes for a spacecraft to reach orbit after launch. This time can vary depending on the specific mission, launch vehicle, and desired orbit.
365.25 days to orbit the sun.
It takes Earth approximately 365.25 days to orbit the sun once, which we refer to as a year.
Quite simply, the Sun DOESN'T orbit the Moon.
The sun does not orbit itself!
Phobos doesn't orbit the moon. It orbits Mars.