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The man himself can tell you. Here is a direct quote from Stephen Hawking's website:
"In 1980, we changed to a system of community and private nurses, who came in for an hour or two in the morning and evening. This lasted until I caught pneumonia in 1985. I had to have a tracheotomy operation. After this, I had to have 24 hour nursing care. This was made possible by grants from several foundations.
"Before the operation, my speech had been getting more slurred, so that only a few people who knew me well, could understand me. But at least I could communicate. I wrote scientific papers by dictating to a secretary, and I gave seminars through an interpreter, who repeated my words more clearly. However, the tracheotomy operation removed my ability to speak altogether. For a time, the only way I could communicate was to spell out words letter by letter, by raising my eyebrows when someone pointed to the right letter on a spelling card. It is pretty difficult to carry on a conversation like that, let alone write a scientific paper. However, a computer expert in California, called Walt Woltosz, heard of my plight. He sent me a computer program he had written, called Equalizer. This allowed me to select words from a series of menus on the screen, by pressing a switch in my hand. The program could also be controlled by a switch, operated by head or eye movement. When I have built up what I want to say, I can send it to a speech synthesizer. At first, I just ran the Equalizer program on a desk top computer.
"However David Mason, of Cambridge Adaptive Communication, fitted a small portable computer and a speech synthesizer to my wheel chair. This system allowed me to communicate much better than I could before. I can manage up to 15 words a minute. I can either speak what I have written, or save it to disk. I can then print it out, or call it back and speak it sentence by sentence. Using this system, I have written a book, and dozens of scientific papers. I have also given many scientific and popular talks. They have all been well received. I think that is in a large part due to the quality of the speech synthesiser, which is made by Speech Plus. One's voice is very important. If you have a slurred voice, people are likely to treat you as mentally deficient: Does he take sugar? This synthesiser is by far the best I have heard, because it varies the intonation, and doesn't speak like a Dalek. The only trouble is that it gives me an American accent."
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Are Justin hawkings from the band The Darkness and Stephen hawkings the scientist related?
No, Justin Hawkins from The Darkness and Stephen Hawking the scientist are not related. Justin Hawkins is a musician known for his work with The Darkness, while Stephen Hawking was a renowned theoretical physicist.
Why is Stephen hawkings in a wheelcahr?
Stephen Hawking used a wheelchair due to a condition called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which can cause muscle weakness and paralysis. The wheelchair helped him move around and continue his work despite his limited physical abilities.
Does Stephen hawkings own a pet?
There is no publicly available information to suggest that Stephen Hawking owned a pet during his lifetime. Hawking was more focused on his scientific work and research.
Where is Stephen hawkings main area of work?
Stephen Hawking's main area of work was theoretical physics and cosmology, particularly in the study of black holes, the origins of the universe, and the nature of space and time. His contributions to the fields of physics and cosmology have had a profound impact on our understanding of the universe.
What is professional title did stephen hawkings have?
Stephen Hawking held the title of theoretical physicist and cosmologist. He was known for his groundbreaking work on black holes and the nature of the universe. Hawking was also a professor at the University of Cambridge.
Where did stephen hawkings do his work?
Cambridge University
Are Justin hawkings from the band The Darkness and Stephen hawkings the scientist related?
No, Justin Hawkins from The Darkness and Stephen Hawking the scientist are not related. Justin Hawkins is a musician known for his work with The Darkness, while Stephen Hawking was a renowned theoretical physicist.
Why is Stephen hawkings in a wheelcahr?
Stephen Hawking used a wheelchair due to a condition called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which can cause muscle weakness and paralysis. The wheelchair helped him move around and continue his work despite his limited physical abilities.
Does Stephen hawkings own a pet?
There is no publicly available information to suggest that Stephen Hawking owned a pet during his lifetime. Hawking was more focused on his scientific work and research.
Where is Stephen hawkings main area of work?
Stephen Hawking's main area of work was theoretical physics and cosmology, particularly in the study of black holes, the origins of the universe, and the nature of space and time. His contributions to the fields of physics and cosmology have had a profound impact on our understanding of the universe.
What is professional title did stephen hawkings have?
Stephen Hawking held the title of theoretical physicist and cosmologist. He was known for his groundbreaking work on black holes and the nature of the universe. Hawking was also a professor at the University of Cambridge.
What happen Stephen hawkings face?
British theoretical physicist, Stephen Hawking's suffers from Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS, a condition that has worsened over the years. At this point, he is almost completely paralyzed and can only communication via a speech generating machine.
What was Stephen hawkings contribution effect?
Stephen Hawking's contributions had a profound impact on theoretical physics and cosmology. He revolutionized our understanding of black holes, the Big Bang theory, and the nature of the universe. His work on Hawking radiation and the theory of everything continues to inspire generations of scientists and researchers.
Who is the genius physicist who is a quadraplegic?
Stephen Hawking was a renowned theoretical physicist known for his work in cosmology and quantum gravity. He was diagnosed with ALS at a young age, which left him quadriplegic, and he communicated using a speech-generating device. Hawking made significant contributions to our understanding of black holes and the universe.
What kind of person is Stephen hawkings?
Stephen Hawking was a renowned theoretical physicist known for his work in cosmology and black holes. He was also a best-selling author and a popular science communicator. Despite his physical limitations resulting from ALS, he was known for his resilience, wit, and determination to push the boundaries of human knowledge.
What has Stephen Hawkings done?
Stephen Hawking was a theoretical physicist known for his work on black holes, cosmology, and developing the theory of Hawking radiation. He also wrote popular science books like "A Brief History of Time" that made complex scientific concepts accessible to a wider audience. Hawking's contributions to science earned him numerous awards and accolades.
How the output work compares to the input work in a machine?
The output work of a machine is typically less than the input work due to energy losses from factors such as friction, heat, and inefficiencies in the machine's operation. These losses result in a decrease in the amount of useful work that the machine can perform compared to the work put into it.
