How does DNA migrate in electrophoresis?

Answer 1

Electrophoresis is performed in a buffer solution with a static pH. An electric field is applied to the electrophoresis chamber containing a positive end and a negative end. If the pH of the substance being electrophoresed is lower than the surrounding buffer, it will migrate towards the positive end. If the substance has a pH higher than the surrounding buffer, it will migrate towards the negative end. Substances migrate at different rates based on two things: particle size, and overall charge. The greater the difference between the migrating substance's pH and the pH of the surrounding buffer, the faster that substance will migrate through the gel. Large molecules get "stuck" due to friction forces and migrate less rapidly than smaller particles that can navigate through the gel with very little resistance.

Answer 2

electrophoresis of proteins is of different types. It actually depends on proteins,

on eof such types is isoelectric foccusing which entirely depends on the isoelectric point of the protein. Isoelectric point is the pint at which the net charge of the protein is zero.

Answer 3

A sample of amino acids and a buffer solution is placed on gel. Voltage is then applied to the gel. If the isoelectric point of the amino acid is below the pH of the buffer, it will become negatively charged. The amino acids will move towards oppositely charged electrodes and they will separate according to the molecular masses. The position of the amino acids can be detect by staining them. The distances travelled by the amino acids are then measured and compared in standards.