To read a ground fault using a meter, you can use a digital multimeter set to measure resistance. Disconnect the ground wire and touch one probe to the ground wire and the other probe to the ground terminal. A reading of 0 ohms indicates a direct short to ground and signifies a ground fault.
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Assuming you are using the correct meter with true RMS you most likely have a loose neutral somewhere in the circuit. Try to measure from hot to ground. If this measures 120V then you most likely have a loose neutral somewhere.
To read 277 volts on a meter, simply ensure the meter is set to the appropriate voltage scale (typically AC). Then, connect the meter leads to the circuit or outlet you are measuring. The display should show the voltage reading, which in this case would be 277 volts. Be sure to take appropriate safety precautions when working with electricity.
No, it is not normal to read 120V between the black and white wires, or between the black and ground wires. This could indicate a wiring issue or a fault in the electrical system that needs to be investigated and addressed by a qualified electrician to ensure safety.
A reading of 145 volts is high. The first thing that I would check is the accuracy of your meter. Check the voltage reading at different locations for example, friends homes, to see if the reading is still high there. If it is check your meter reading against another meter. If you are sure that your meter and reading is correct then call the utility company and get them to check the voltage for you.
Yes, a meter stick can be used to measure the length of a pencil in centimeters or millimeters. The pencil's length can be aligned with the meter stick, and the measurement can be read where the pencil ends.