Precise numbers of "spy satellites" are unavailable, and constantly changing. Dozens, certainly.
There are several different types of "spy satellites". There are photographic reconnaissance satellites, designed to take detailed photos of the surface. There are electronic surveillance satellites, designed to capture and record electronic signals such as radios.
That depends on the altitude, and the purpose of the satellite.
Low-orbit satellites are orbiting the Earth right above the atmosphere, where there is still a tiny trace of atmosphere up there. It doesn't take much; the super-thin air will still drag the satellite down slightly, into slightly thicker air, and the satellite will spiral down and burn up. If you have a satellite in low orbit, then you'll need to have thrusters or rocket engines to boost the satellite back up into its normal orbit, and do this fairly often. Even the International Space Station gets an occasional "bump" from the rockets that come to visit.
Higher-altitude satellites are safe enough, and satellites in GEO (geosynchronous Earth orbit) will probably never fall down on their own.
We intentionally de-orbit satellites if they are no longer functional, or no longer serve any purpose. Communications satellites can be discarded into interplanetary space with less fuel than is required for de-orbiting, but comsats are more likely to fail in place and be unreachable by radio control.
How many satellites? Thousands of intentional satellites, plus leftover space junk from the rockets that carried them up there. And when two satellites collide in orbit, the debris field of thousands of small satellite shards can spread out all over. NASA tracks nearly 20,000 satellites, fragments, and pieces of "space junk" larger than about 2 inches in diameter. (Smaller fragments don't show up well on ground-based radar.)
In 2005 a satellite went into orbit around Venus.
You don't really have a question here. If the satellite is in orbit, the mass is essentially irrelevant; it wouldn't change the speed of the orbit or the altitude. A larger satellite mass WOULD HAVE required more fuel and more energy to LAUNCH it, but once in orbit, it will stay there. The only exception would be an exceptionally large, light satellite. There is still some minuscule traces of atmosphere at 200 miles, and a large, light satellite would be slowed by air friction much more than a small dense satellite would. This is what caused the "ECHO" satellite - essentially a silvered mylar balloon inflated in orbit as a primitive reflector comsat - to deorbit.
From the question, I'm guessing that when the questioner reads the term "polar orbit", he's picturing the satellite doing a little tiny circle in the sky over the North Pole. This is not an accurate understanding of the term. Remember that the center of the orbit of an artificial satellite has to be at the center of the earth. A 'polar orbit' is an orbit that covers both poles. If you picture the globe of the earth, the satellite's orbit is a circle standing up, with the satellite traveling up and down, passing over both poles in each complete revolution of the earth. As the earth rotates, every point on earth passes under the orbit, and sooner or later, every point on earth will be visible from the satellite.
All satellites pass the equator. Twice every orbit.
A polar orbit (as opposed to an equatorial orbit) passes over the poles, north and south. A low orbit is relatively close to the Earth (or other object being orbited), it might be a few hundred miles up.
yes
The orbit of a satellite around the Earth is called a "geocentric orbit."
The reason that satellites stay in orbit around Earth is because of two factors. Velocity and the gravitational pull between the satellite and the Earth.
The orbit helps the satellite go into orbit.
A geostationary orbit. In this orbit, the satellite orbits the Earth at the same rate that the Earth rotates on its axis, allowing the satellite to remain fixed over the same point on the planet's surface.
A satellite stays in orbit due to a balance between its forward speed and the gravitational pull of the Earth. The satellite's speed allows it to constantly fall towards Earth, but its forward motion keeps it moving horizontally enough to avoid collision. This results in a stable orbit around the planet.
A satellite stays in one place relative to the Earth by orbiting at the same speed as the Earth rotates. This type of orbit is called geostationary orbit. By constantly moving at the same speed as the Earth's rotation, the satellite appears to be fixed in one position above the Earth.
Earth an pluto
Its forward motion. Please understand that something in orbit IS falling towards Earth.
Its forward motion. Please understand that something in orbit IS falling towards Earth.
When an object is dropped from a satellite in orbit around Earth, it will continue orbiting Earth at the same speed and direction as the satellite. From the perspective of someone on the satellite, the object will appear to float next to them due to being in free fall. However, once the object encounters Earth's atmosphere, it will experience drag and eventually fall towards Earth.
24 hours