Different situations call for different joists. Generally floor joists are 2 x 12.
Yes. Rafters and flloor joists do not have to run the same direction.
Joists resting upon sills and girders
floor joists and they sit on bearers
That depends on how well supported the floor is and that depends on how far apart the joists are placed. The closer they are, the more weight can be supported.
Lay plywood on top of floor joists. Specifically, what are you asking? BClear
If you're installing hardwood floor boards over a strong 3/4 inch plywood sub-floor, then yes, you can install the hardwood floor parallel to the joists. If your sub-floor is weak, then you should fix the subfloor.
Spacing for floor joists is usually determined by building codes for the location
It depends on what timber your joists are,how much water has been involved and for how long the water has been affecting the joists.Stop the egress of water and let the joists dry out.Take it from there.
because it strengthens the floor joists.
You would either have to remove the ceiling in the kitchen or the floor in the bath, and add additional joists to strengthen them, or possibly add steel in combination with the joists.
In a conventionally framed wood structure, you will find box/rim joists, floor joists, headers, braces, and some form of decking. There are many parts to a floor and more ways than one to build one. In timber framed building, you will find posts, braces, girts, joists, connectors, and other heavy timbers.