Initially, like many nations: Cowardly, Backstabbing, Un-Gentlemanly, Un-Civilized, Piracy, Criminal, etc.
There had been serious discussions of hanging (or at least executing) captains of such vessels.
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Similar remarks were made in Britain too, at first, but it did not take long for most large navies to realise they too would have to have submarines.
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Not enough if you actually think this an issue in the sense of history. Or alternately, the answer is "who cares?". Do you think the French do? The Germans? Why should the Americans?
Blitzangriff, I think. Blitzkreig = lightning war
I can think of several wars. You need to give us a where, when, how, why, who question to get an answer.
I think that was the trench warfare stuff, not sure though.
He didn't want to motivate the Confederates to take to the hills and conduct guerrilla warfare.