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Kidneys are the urine producing organs of vertebrates. In humans the symmetrical bean shaped kidneys are situated in the upper rear part of our abdominal wall, one each side of the vertebrae column.

The main function of the kidneys are to regulate blood and electrolytes and to eliminate waste products - excreting waste products and excess water in the form of urine. There are two kidneys each about 10 to 12.5 centimeters long and about 170 grams or 4.6 ounces in weight.

The most important waste products dealt with are those generated by the breakdown of proteins. The kidneys also control our body's acid base balance. When blood and body fluids become too acid or too alkaline, the urine acidity is altered to restore the balance. When we ingest excess water, our kidneys excretes it. When water is lost as a result of sweating or diarrhoea, the kidneys conserve it.

Each kidney consists of approximately 1 million nephrons and supporting tissues. Medical problems affecting the kidneys include glomerulonephritis, kidney failure, pyelonephritis, urinary stones and uremia.

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