the leading or lagging between the stress and strain is called hysteresis loop
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Wherever there is stress there is strain. In the example you noted, if heated bar expands freely without one end constained it changes its strain without stress; that strain is called eigenstrain. If the same bar is held rigidly then the eigenstrain resisted and you get stress and strain. So stress cannot exist without strain; but strain can exist without stress if it is eigenstrain.
stress is load per unit area; when an object is loaded it is under stress and strain and it stretches (strains) until it breaks at its ultimate strength. Stress i srelated to strain in the elastic region by Hooke's law: stress = elastic modulus times strain where modulus is a property of the material and strain is deflection over length
difference between Strain-stress diagram of copper and steel?
is defined as ratio of uniform stress to volume strain
We knew from Hook's law- "stress is proportional to strain." So, stress = k * strain [here, k is a constant] or, stress/strain= k Now, if the stress and strain occurs due to axial force then k is known as modulus of elasticity and it is denoted by E. if the stress and strain occurs due to shear force then k is known as modulus of rigidity and it is denoted by G.