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The air cycle machine (ACM) is driven by turbine engine bleed air that first passes through a primary heat exhanger (much like an intercooler for a turbocharged automotive engine) that significantly lowers the temperature of the 300-500 degree bleed air. After leaving the primary heat exchanger the air flows into a compression turbine that increases the pressure of the air and also increases the temperature.

After leaving the compression turbine, the air flows into a secondary heat exchanger that once again lowers the temperature of the air. At this point, the air is at extremely high pressure and relatively low temperature. From the secondary heat exchanger the air flows into the "expansion turbine" where this high pressure air is used to drive a turbine wheel that performs several functions: 1. It extracts energy from the high pressure air, 2. Allows the pressurized air to expand, 3. Drives the compression turbine. The extraction of energy from the air and subsequent expansion of the gases drastically lower the temperatures of the air. In fact, the air temperature is lowered so much that often times hot bleed air is bypassed around the ACM and ducted to the air coming out of the expansion turbine to raise the temperature above freezing.

The output air that is coming out of the ACM is then sent through a moisture removal system that essentially uses a fine mesh weave to collect small droplets of water. This removal of moisture helps to control the humidity of the air entering the cabin and it also prevents icing downstream in the system.

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