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First of all, we need to establish when Jesus was born. Both Matthew and Luke agree that he was born during the reign of King Herod the Great, who died in 4 BCE. However, it would be an improbable coincidence for Jesus to have been born in just the last year of Herod's long reign. On this alone, it is rather more likely that he was born earlier than 4 BCE.

A further clue comes from Matthew, who said that Herod was afraid that Jesus would grow up to usurp his throne. First of all, Herod demonstrated a significant lack of concern as to whether his sons succeeded him, so he must have felt that he himself would be overthrown. As he was quite an old man when he died, Matthew seems to suggest that Jesus was born well before this time, when Herod was still young enough to expect to reign for a few more years. So, Matthew seems to place the birth of Jesus quite a few years before 4 BCE.

Luke mentioned a census during the time that Quirinius was governor of Syria. We know that that census took place in 6 CE, long after the death of Herod. There is no record of an earlier census, just as the records show that Quirinius was not governor of Syria as early as 4 BCE.

There is some uncertainty about the names of the various governors before Quirinius, as demonstrated by the fact that some conservative commentators have attempted to show that he could have been governor twice. In any case, since we do not know when Jesus was born, that assertion would not help us, even if it were the case.

In brief, we do not really know when Jesus was born and we do not know who the governor of Syria was at the time. Luke mentions Quirinius, but conflictingly also mentions Herod the Great in Judea.

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Q: Who was the governor of Syria when Jesus was born?
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