A Chromatic scale starting from any of the 12 notes, in full, will have 13 half steps.
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One difference between a whole tone scale and a pentatonic scale is that a whole tone scale has 6 notes per octave while a pentatonic scale has 5 notes per octave. Another major difference is that a whole tone scale has all adjacent notes a whole step apart, while a pentatonic scale does not consist entirely of whole steps, and since a pentatonic scale is only defined as a scale with 5 notes per octave, there are many pentatonic scales that are possible.
The C major scale uses only the white notes.
No. It is only the dominant note in the scale of G.
There are a few types of scales for EACH key: major natural minor harmonic minor melodic minor The major is the one that you typically learn first, natural minor next, etc. The harmonic minor scale is a scale that is similar to the natural minor, only the 7th tone is raised by a half step. For the melodic, it is similar to the harmonic only its 6th tone is ALSO raised. NOTE: when you are coming down on a melodic scale, play the natural minor scale for that key. There are as many of each type of scale as there are scales, which, in total is 48. Including all of the 4 types listed above.
A harmonic minor.