Why is the vernier caliper so called?
A Vernier allows a precise reading of some value. In the figure
to the right, the Vernier moves up and down to measure a position
on the Scale. This could be part of a barometer which reads
atmospheric pressure.
The "pointer" is the line on the vernier labelled "0". Thus the
measured position is almost exactly 756 in whatever units the scale
is calibrated in.
If you look closely you will see that the distance between the
divisions on the vernier are not the same as the divisions on the
scale. The 0 line on the vernier lines up at 756 on the scale, but
the 10 line on the vernier lines up at 765 on the scale. Thus the
distance between the divisions on the vernier are 90% of the
distance between the divisions on the scale.
If we do another reading with the vernier at a different
position, the pointer, the line marked 0, may not line up exactly
with one of the lines on the scale. Here the "pointer" lines up at
approximately 756.5 on the scale.
If you look you will see that only one line on the vernier lines
up exactly with one of the lines on the scale, the 5 line. This
means that our first guess was correct: the reading is 756.5.
Here is a final example, with the vernier at yet another
position. The pointer points to a value that is obviously greater
than 756.5 and also less than 757.0. Looking for divisions on the
vernier that match a division on the scale, the 7 line matches
fairly closely. So the reading is about 756.7.
In fact, the 7 line on the vernier appears to be a little bit
above the corresponding line on the scale. The 8 line on the
vernier is clearly somewhat below the corresponding line of the
scale. So with sharp eyes one might report this reading as 756.73 ±
0.02.
This "reading error" of ± 0.02 is probably the correct error of
precision to specify for all measurements done with this
apparatus.
Now we shall use a simulation of a Vernier Caliper. A caliper
measures a length, and in the following figure we show a caliper
being used to measure the length of an Object. The Object will be
placed between the "jaws" of the caliper. The Object is almost
exactly 75 mm (2.95 in) long.
In the above photograph, you can see that on the top of the
caliper are two "prongs" which can be used to measure an interior
dimension. There is also a piece of metal sticking out from the
right side of the caliper, which is a depth gauge.
Calipers commonly use a vernier scale. In the simulation below,
you may "grab" the jaw of the caliper with the left button of the
mouse and move it to some position. When you click on the Show
button the distance between the jaws will be shown.
Note that there is a small difference between the simulation and
a real caliper: in the simulation the distance between the jaws is
always an even multiple of a tenth of a millimeter. It does not
allow readings between these values, for which we would have to
estimate the value.
The Java applet to simulate the vernier caliper was written by
Fu-Kwan Hwang, Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal Univ.,
and is used by permission. See related link for the applet.
Judy
Ezra
Professor
