crc
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There are many different currencies (types of money) in the world. Each has there own unit. Some currencies have the same name but are totally different. Below is a full list of all currencies (monetary units) in the world.List of currenciesCurrency; ISO code; Country or countries using currencyAfghan afghani; AFN; AfghanistanAlbanian lek; ALL; AlbaniaAlgerian dinar; DZD; AlgeriaAngolan kwanza; AOA; AngolaArgentine peso; ARS; ArgentinaArmenian dram; AMD; Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh RepublicAruban florin; AWG; ArubaAustralian dollar; AUD; Australia, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Kiribati, Nauru, TuvaluAzerbaijani manat; AZN; AzerbaijanBahamian dollar; BSD; The BahamasBahraini dinar; BHD; BahrainBangladeshi taka; BDT; BangladeshBarbadian dollar; BBD; BarbadosBelarusian ruble; BYR; BelarusBelize dollar; BZD; BelizeBermudian dollar; BMD; BermudaBhutanese ngultrum; BTN; BhutanBolivian boliviano; BOB; BoliviaBosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark; BAM; Bosnia and HerzegovinaBotswana pula; BWP; BotswanaBrazilian real; BRL; BrazilBritish pound; GBP; United Kingdom, Alderney, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey, Saint Helena, Tristan da CunhaBrunei dollar; BND; Brunei, SingaporeBulgarian lev; BGN; BulgariaBurmese kyat; MMK; BurmaBurundian franc; BIF; BurundiCambodian riel; KHR; CambodiaCanadian dollar; CAD; CanadaCape Verdean escudo; CVE; Cape VerdeCayman Islands dollar; KYD; Cayman IslandsCentral African CFA franc; XAF; Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, GabonCFP franc; XPF; French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and FutunaChilean peso; CLP; ChileChinese yuan; CNY; People's Republic of ChinaColombian peso; COP; ColombiaComorian franc; KMF; ComorosCongolese franc; CDF; Democratic Republic of the CongoCosta Rican colón; CRC; Costa RicaCroatian kuna; HRK; CroatiaCuban convertible peso; CUC; CubaCuban peso; CUP; CubaCzech koruna; CZK; Czech RepublicDanish krone; DKK; Denmark, Faroe IslandsDjiboutian franc; DJF; DjiboutiDominican peso; DOP; Dominican RepublicEast Caribbean dollar; XCD; Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesEgyptian pound; EGP; EgyptEritrean nakfa; ERN; EritreaEthiopian birr; ETB; EthiopiaEuro; EUR; Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Portugal, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Vatican CityFijian dollar; FJD; FijiGambian dalasi; GMD; The GambiaGeorgian lari; GEL; GeorgiaGhana cedi; GHS; GhanaGuatemalan quetzal; GTQ; GuatemalaGuinean franc; GNF; GuineaGuyanese dollar; GYD; GuyanaHaitian gourde; HTG; HaitiHonduran lempira; HNL; HondurasHong Kong dollar; HKD; Hong Kong (China)Hungarian forint; HUF; HungaryIcelandic króna; ISK; IcelandIndian rupee; INR; IndiaIndonesian rupiah; IDR; IndonesiaIranian rial; IRR; IranIraqi dinar; IQD; IraqIsraeli new shekel; ILS; Israel, PalestineJamaican dollar; JMD; JamaicaJapanese yen; JPY; JapanJordanian dinar; JOD; JordanKazakhstani tenge; KZT; KazakhstanKenyan shilling; KES; KenyaKuwaiti dinar; KWD; KuwaitKyrgyzstani som; KGS; KyrgyzstanLao kip; LAK; LaosLatvian lats; LVL; LatviaLebanese pound; LBP; LebanonLesotho loti; LSL; LesothoLiberian dollar; LRD; LiberiaLibyan dinar; LYD; LibyaLithuanian litas; LTL; LithuaniaMacanese pataca; MOP; Macau (China)Macedonian denar; MKD; MacedoniaMalagasy ariary; MGA; MadagascarMalawian kwacha; MWK; MalawiMalaysian ringgit; MYR; MalaysiaMaldivian rufiyaa; MVR; MaldivesMauritanian ouguiya; MRO; MauritaniaMauritian rupee; MUR; MauritiusMexican peso; MXN; MexicoMoldovan leu; MDL; MoldovaMongolian tögrög; MNT; MongoliaMoroccan dirham; MAD; MoroccoMozambican metical; MZN; MozambiqueNamibian dollar; NAD; NamibiaNepalese rupee; NPR; NepalNetherlands Antillean guilder; ANG; Curaçao, Sint MaartenNew Taiwan dollar; TWD; Taiwan (Republic of China)New Zealand dollar; NZD; New Zealand, Cook Islands, Niue, Pitcairn IslandsNicaraguan córdoba; NIO; NicaraguaNigerian naira; NGN; NigeriaNorth Korean won; KPW; North KoreaNorwegian krone; NOK; NorwayOmani rial; OMR; OmanPakistani rupee; PKR; PakistanPanamanian balboa; PAB; PanamaPapua New Guinean kina; PGK; Papua New GuineaParaguayan guaraní; PYG; ParaguayPeruvian nuevo sol; PEN; PeruPhilippine peso; PHP; PhilippinesPolish złoty; PLN; PolandQatari riyal; QAR; QatarRomanian leu; RON; RomaniaRussian ruble; RUB; Russia, Abkhazia, South OssetiaRwandan franc; RWF; RwandaSalvadoran colón; SVC; El SalvadorSamoan tālā; WST; SamoaSão Tomé and Príncipe dobra; STD; São Tomé and PríncipeSaudi riyal; SAR; Saudi ArabiaSerbian dinar; RSD; SerbiaSeychellois rupee; SCR; SeychellesSierra Leonean leone; SLL; Sierra LeoneSingapore dollar; SGD; Singapore, BruneiSolomon Islands dollar; SBD; Solomon IslandsSomali shilling; SOS; SomaliaSomaliland shilling; None; SomalilandSouth African rand; ZAR; South Africa, Namibia, ZimbabweSouth Korean won; KRW; South KoreaSouth Sudanese pound; SSP; South SudanSri Lankan rupee; LKR; Sri LankaSudanese pound; SDG; SudanSurinamese dollar; SRD; SurinameSwazi lilangeni; SZL; SwazilandSwedish krona; SEK; SwedenSwiss franc; CHF; Switzerland, LiechtensteinSyrian pound; SYP; SyriaTajikistani somoni; TJS; TajikistanTanzanian shilling; TZS; TanzaniaThai baht; THB; ThailandTongan paʻanga; TOP; TongaTransnistrian ruble; None; TransnistriaTrinidad and Tobago dollar; TTD; Trinidad and TobagoTunisian dinar; TND; TunisiaTurkish lira; TRY; Turkey, Northern CyprusTurkmenistan manat; TMT; TurkmenistanUgandan shilling; UGX; UgandaUkrainian hryvnia; UAH; UkraineUnited Arab Emirates dirham; AED; United Arab EmiratesUnited States dollar; USD; United States, Bonaire, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Panama, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Turks and Caicos IslandsUruguayan peso; UYU; UruguayUzbekistani som; UZS; UzbekistanVanuatu vatu; VUV; VanuatuVenezuelan bolívar; VEF; VenezuelaVietnamese đồng; VND; VietnamWest African CFA franc; XOF; Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, TogoYemeni rial; YER; YemenZambian kwacha; ZMK; Zambia
(a) simple parity check (b) two-dimensional parity check (c) crc (d) checksum
Error detection at data link level is achieved by using a Frame Check Sequence (FCS) method like Parity, Checksum Calculation or Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC).
If there are two errors in a character, the parity may still be OK as two wrongs make one right, in this example. However such an error will not escape the CRC check as it is far more sophisticated and such a false positive is almost impossible to happen
A Cyclic Redundancy Check is done as a first attempt to prevent corrupted data.
CRC stands for 'cyclic reundancy check' its a common technique for declecting data trasmission errors.
CRC is a method of checking one constant or value repeatedly to get the accurate answer(trial and error method), where as in the check sum it is not like the trial and error,since the answer got in CRC is more accurate when compared to check sum
A CRC is used to check for integrity of some information, for example, a data packet. The CRC is calculated, according to some formula, from the remaining bytes in the packet, before sending the packet. The receiving end recalculates the CRC; if any of the bytes have become corrupted (say, through electrical noise during the transmission), the CRC will no longer match, and the receiver knows that the packet has been damaged.
Each Ethernet frame contains a trailer with a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) of the frame contents. After reception of a frame, the receiving node creates a CRC from the bits in the frame to compare to the CRC value in the frame trailer. If these two CRC calculations match, the frame can be trusted as being received without error. The trusted frame will then be processed. A frame received with bad, nonmatching CRC's will be discarded.
cyclic redundancy check .A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is an error-detecting code designed to detect accidental changes to raw computer data, and is commonly used in digital networks and storage devices such as hard disk drives.
CRC means "Cyclical Reduncy Check". In other words, every so often (cyclical) the systems double checks (Redundancy) that the number of packets received equals the same number sent. (Check).
Advantages: CRC is simple to implement in binary hardware, Mathematical analysis of CRC is very simple, and it is good at detecting common errors caused by noise in transmission. Disadvantages: CRC is not suitable for protecting against intentional alteration of data, and overflow of data is possible in CRC.
A parity bit is a primitive checksum-like tool, used to verify the integrity of a group of data bits. For example, some memories support a parity bit to cover an 8-, 16- or 32-bit bus, and on serial data lines, parity bits (typically covering 8 data bits) are sometimes used to help detect transmission errors.A parity bit is, as the name suggests, a single bit, and is only effective with a number of simple errors, while a great number of other possible errors will slip through a parity-based integrity check undetected.Stronger integrity checks use a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) or more sophisticated methods, such as SHA-2 and others. Priority bits still have their place where those more sophisticated methods are unsuitable or unappealing due to their cost or processing requirements; priority bits are very cheap to implement and validate in hardware, and can at least provide some level of integrity where the alternative might have been no integrity checks at all.