Each design has a different set of criteria. You can get a book such as Photograde that shows photos of many coins in different conditions in order to help match the ones you have to specific grading categories.
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A Proof coin is a particular issue of a coin not a grade of condition.
The grade of a circulated coin is based oc how much wear it has.
The term "Mint State" refers to the grade of a Uncirculated coin, The grading is not based on the amount of wear a coin has because there is none. It's based on how well the coin has been struck and the number an severity of any contact marks, scratches, rim nicks and scuff marks on the coin.
To get that specific of a grade on a coin, it would need to be professionally graded though a service like PGCS, though a coin dealer in a shop could give an approximate grade.
The best thing to do is send it to a third party grading service. They will grade the coin for a fee. This will give you an accurate grade of the coin. You can also take it to a coin collector or use a free online guide like PCGS.