The number 79 means that there are 79 protons in the nucleus of an atom of gold. It is the number of protons/electrons in that atom (I say protons/electrons because there are an equal amount of both; i.e. 79 protons 79 electrons)
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The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom.
79 atomic number of gold
Assuming there is a blank between "a" and "of," 178Au is an unstable isotope of gold. The 79 is its atomic number (number of protons), and 178 is the atomic mass (number of protons + numbers of neutrons).
If you mean 29, 39, 59 and 79 then it is 39 that is the only composite number.
No, 79 is a prime number.