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unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
The bell ringing is called a conditioned stimulus, while the meat powder is an unconditioned stimulus. The process by which the dogs learned to salivate in response to the bell alone is known as classical conditioning.
Pavlov's experiment was about classical conditioning.Can you train a dog to react to a stimulus such as a bell... even on a fundamental level, such as evoking salivation and the expectation of food even without the presence of food.B.F. Skinner took the experiments in classical conditioning further.
Classical conditioning is called classical to distinguish it from another form of conditioning known as operant conditioning. The term "classical" was used by Ivan Pavlov, the psychologist who discovered this type of learning, to highlight the historical significance of this form of conditioning in psychology.
Neutral stimulus
Pavlov's experiments demonstrated classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus comes to evoke a specific response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes that response. This principle helps explain how associative learning occurs in individuals and animals.
John B. Watson is often credited with demonstrating conditioning on a human infant in his famous "Little Albert" experiment. By pairing a loud noise with a white rat, Watson conditioned fear in the infant, providing evidence for classical conditioning in humans.
Salivation is a natural response to the presence of food (unconditioned stimulus) and is not typically considered a conditioned stimulus. However, in a classical conditioning context, salivation can become a conditioned response if it is consistently paired with a neutral stimulus (like a bell) that initially elicits no salivation, but comes to do so after repeated pairings with the food.
Yes, John Watson studied salivation in dogs to examine the concept of habituation. In his famous experiment, Watson conditioned a fear response in a young boy known as "Little Albert" using a similar method to Pavlov's classical conditioning with dogs, to study the formation and extinction of phobias.
In classical conditioning, goals are not specifically learned, but rather associations between stimuli are formed. Through classical conditioning, individuals learn to associate a neutral stimulus (like a bell) with a meaningful stimulus (like food), which can lead to a learned response (like salivation). This type of learning can influence behavior and emotional responses.
In Ivan Pavlov's experiment, classical conditioning was demonstrated through the association of a neutral stimulus (bell) with a biologically significant stimulus (food), leading to the dog salivating in response to the bell alone. Over time, the neutral stimulus became a conditioned stimulus that elicited a conditioned response (salivation) similar to the unconditioned response to the food. This showed how pairing stimuli can lead to learned associations and behavioral changes.