This all depends on where you live. For example: In the USA, it is Angus that is the most common beef breed found. For dairy, it is the Holstein. In Canada, the most common breed is Simmental, closely followed by Red Angus, Hereford, and Angus. Worldwide, the most common breed is actually Brahman, though it isn't as popular in the U.S.
As a side note, depending on how you run the numbers, the most "popular" breed of beef cattle is actually also Holstein. This is because the majority of beef consumed is through the fast food industry for which a large portion of the beef is rendered dairy cattle.
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All cows can be used for beef, there really is no common type of cow. Dairy and beef cows are just as common as the other in being used for beef. However, steers (castrated males) and heifers are more common because they have no breeding/reproductive purpose in a herd, and are thus simply grown and fed for beef.