Just as in Hebrew, in Yiddish Shalom can mean "peace," but depending on the context, it can also mean hello or goodbye.
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The Yiddish word for hello is "שלום" (sholem).
In person, most Yiddish speakers, religious or not, will greet with the familiar "Shalom Aleichem". Hopefully, another contributor will improve this answer, and add the telephone greeting.
The Yiddish word for Yiddish is "Yidish" (יידיש).
The Yiddish word for funny is "קומיש."
The Yiddish word for disappointed is "bafel."