3 science of language

Answer 1

1. Sciences related to the letters. They fall into two sub-categories: i. That which deals with the articulation and sound of the letter. This is known as 'ilm al-sawt('the science of phonology'), or 'ilm al-tajweed('the science of art of pronunciation') ii. That which deals with the written representation of the letter. This is known as 'ilm al-harf ('the science of orthography'), or 'ilm al-hijaa' ('the science of spelling'). 2. Sciences related to the words, with regards their meaning and form. They fall into four sub-categories: i. That which deals with the meanings and connotations of words, and the vowelling of the words (on all but the last letters). This is known as 'ilm al-lughah ('the science of philology'). ii. That which deals with the manner in which these words were attributed to their objects. This is known as 'ilm al-wad'. iii. That which deals with the nature of the letters of these words, with regards to any additions, subtractions, transformations, exchanges, changes in the vowelling, and so on. This is known as 'ilm al-sarf ('the science of morphology'). iv. That which deals with the origins and branches of the words, the relationship between them, and the manner in which some are formed from others. This is known as 'ilm al-ishtiqaaq ('the science of etymology'). 3. Sciences related to the constructions, with regards their meaning and form. They fall into four sub-categories:

i. That which deals with the relationship of some meanings to others, and the requirements of this relationship, as embodied in and indicated by the vowel on the end of each word. This is known as 'ilm al-nahw ('the science of syntax').

ii. That which deals with the characteristics of speech composition by virtue of which they conform to the requirements of the occasion. This is known by 'ilm al-ma'aani ('the science of meanings'). This was considered the most important science of Arabic balaaghah (rhetoric) to the Arabs. iii. That which deals with the different ways of expressing the various shades of a single meaning. This is known as 'ilm al-bayaan ('the science of style'). iv. That which deals with the artistic embellishment of speech. This is known as 'ilm al-badi' ('the science of rhetorical figures').

Answer 2

1. Phonetics: The study of the physical sounds of speech, including how they are produced, transmitted, and perceived by the human auditory system.
2. Syntax: The study of how words are combined to form sentences in various languages, including the rules that govern word order, sentence structure, and grammatical relationships.
3. Pragmatics: The study of how language is used in social contexts, including how context, nonverbal cues, and shared knowledge influence the meaning and interpretation of language.