Some do.
No
It depends on the State. In New York State, Agents or Officers of a SPCA are Full Time Peace Officers with Full Police Powers. In New York SPCA Officers carry, the same weapons as any police officer, included but not limited to handguns, long guns (patrol rifle), Taser, Batons, OC Spray.
No. Most correctional officers do not carry firearms.
yes, cook county probation officers arrest offenders, and are peace officers. we carry glocks.
NO
(in the US) Law Enforcement officers have always been armed.
Yes, Japanese police are armed.
British police officers normally don't carry guns unless they need to respond to a gun-related incident.
No, only peace officers can carry a handgun unconcealed. There are many that are considered peace officers in Texas.
yes
More carry real guns. Basically all police officers carry guns. Not every officer carries a stun gun. For instance, the city where I live, which is a large city, does not issue stun guns, and neither does the county.