For certain limited uses covered by fair use or fair dealing, no permission is required; otherwise, you can legally make copies if you have permisison from the copyright holder. Unfortunately there is never a straight answer on what uses are fair; fairness is only decided in court.
Many educational publications specifically license classroom use. Limited photocopying and other unlicensed uses are often covered by the fair use defense. There is an excellent discussion of copyright for educators at the link below.
Most likely; critique is one of the uses specified as fair in section 107.
to go under water and breate
Fair use or fair dealing provisions allow certain limited unlicensed uses.
It depends on the type of use. Certain limited educational and commentary uses, for example, may be defensible under fair use.
I think you mean "beneath," which is used in the sense of "under (covered by)"; e.g., "My glasses were beneath a book." It has some other uses which a metaphorical extensions of the core meaning--e.g., "He thought that working was beneath him."
Thisdefinitely depends on the school, but almost all schools do not allow snakes into the actual science fair. Although, as long as the snake, nor any other animal, is harmed, snakes may usually be used in science fair experiments.
Broadcast media isn't singled out in the fair use section of the law; it's measured by the same vague standards any other material would be.Purpose and character of the use: educational uses, for example, are more likely to be considered fair. Entertainment is less likely.Nature of the work: uses factual works tend to be considered fair more often than uses of creative works.Amount and substantiality of the portion: small and/or negligible excerpts are more likely to be considered fair than longer/significant sections or entire works.Effect on potential market: if your use devalues the work, or prevents the rightsholder from being able to sell or license it, it is unlikely to be considered fair.
Fair use is a small part of copyright law that allows certain unlicensed uses of protected works. If you use protected works, without a license, in a manner not addressed by the fair use clause (in other words, if your use is not fair), your use would be infringing. Copyright infringement is punishable by fines ranging from $750 to $30,000.
Possibly. If the logo is entirely incidental to the drawing you might be okay; if it is used as critique or commentary on Pepsi, it could be defensible under fair use. Most other uses would require a license.
Some uses may be considered "fair" within the law, in the case of face-to-face teaching activities. It's not necessarily the case that all uses by students would be fair.