Claims made by individuals against the US Government for damages.
US Court of Federal Claims would hear those cases.
Cases dealing with exclusively state law claims.
Cases that deal with personal injury or damages, except where they are included in existing Federal law (such as maritime and interstate transportation claims).
Claims of monetary damage caused to the Plaintiff due to the actions (or inactions) of the Federal Government.
Claims for monetary damages against the US Government.
The highest state court would be The Supreme Court of Texas. In federal cases it would be the US Circuit Court of Appeals for whatever Federal Judicial Circuit the state of Texas was located in.
When a case is remanded it goes back to the court where it was originally tried. In the federal court system, that would usually be a US District Court.
State court hear a lot more cases. For criminal law the federal government must bring charges to a defendant for violating a federal law. Or if crime is committed in multiple states by the same party then the case may go to a federal district court. But these cases are relatively rare. In civil law the answer would still be the state courts. Civil law consist of divourse, small claims, constitutional and several other fields but generally most would start out in state court. It depends on jurisdiction.
In a court of original jurisdiction - in state courts that would usually be a Circuit COurt (or similar) - in the federal system it would be a US DIstrict Court.
U.S. District Courts because, federal crimes are defined as; crimes defined by or mentioned in the U.S. Constitution or those defined and/or punished by federal statutes, usually codified and set forth in the U.S. Codes. Crimes such as treason against the United States, piracy, counterfeiting, and crimes relating to the federal government's authority to regulate interstate commerce. However, most criminal acts prosecuted in this country are state matters.Another View: Short answer - A federal case is ANY case in which the US District Court has original jurisdiction.
No. A federal court would have no jurisdiction over disputes between individuals that would be considered "small claims." If the dispute were between residents of the same state over a debt, for example, there would be no federal question, therefore no federal jurisdiction. If the dispute were between residents of different states, the federal courts would have diversity of citizenship jurisdiction only if the amount in controversy exceeded $75,000.
If its IRS, then that's Federal and the Federal Courts handle that. If its state taxes, then the state courts handle that one. Each jurisdiction has their own laws pertaining to the taxes.