22,000 people work for the State Department, according to
http://careers.state.gov/general/about-us.html
(Number accessed from website in September 2009)
11,500 Foreign Service employees
7,400 Civil Service employees
31,000 Foreign Service National employees
....
The Foreign Service (FS) is a corps of about 11,500 employees who are dedicated to representing America and responding to the needs of American citizens in other countries. Members of the Foreign Service can be sent to any embassy, consulate, or other diplomatic mission anywhere in the world, at any time, to serve the diplomatic needs of the United States. Terms and conditions of employment in the Foreign Service (FS) are governed by the Foreign Service Act of 1980, as amended, 22 U.S.C.§3901 et seq.
While the Department of State's Foreign Service employees travel far and frequently, nearly 7,400 Civil Service (CS) employees serve as a stable resource pool in Washington D.C., at Passport Agencies and field offices throughout the United States, and at several Consulates in Mexico. Civil Service employees provide in-depth expertise and continuity in accomplishing all aspects of the Department's mission and are involved in virtually every function of the Department. Civil Service employees issue passports, compile and analyze overseas reports, provide logistical support to posts, consult with Congress about foreign policy initiatives and policies, and formulate and manage the budget. Unless specifically "excepted" by law, most of the Department's Civil Service employees are governed by Title 5 of the United States Code (5 U.S.C.) and Title 5 of the Code of Federal Regulations (5 CFR).
In addition, more than 31,000 Foreign Service National (FSN) employees also supplement the personnel requirements of the Department overseas. FSN employees are local residents of the countries in which we maintain diplomatic posts and consulates. They are valued members of our embassy teams, for they provide continuity for the transient American staff and have language and cultural expertise. FSN employment is also governed by the Foreign Service Act of 1980, as amended.
Approximately 38,000 employees. Source: whitehouse.gov
The US Department of State issues US passports!
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For US Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of State (DoS) employees and retired personnel can stay in one of two US Embassy TDY apartments (see related links), if they are not being used for official business.
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The Wage and Hour Division of the US Department of Labor's Employment Standards Administration administers and enforces FMLA for all private, State and local government employees, and some federal employees.
That depends on the employer company's size (how many employees). See the link to the US Department of Labor section on Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA). It is possible that a state could have different rules than the federal - for example a state may have rules which apply to companies of >30 employees, even though the federal law applies to >50 employees. So check with the employment laws in your state as well.
The US federal executive department that handles foreign affairs is the Department of State. It is responsible for the conduct of US diplomacy and promoting US interests abroad.