A copyright protects original material (text, images, audio) recorded in a fixed format. There are two types of copyright, national and international. National copyright only protects original material produced within the country's borders. If your music was produced in the United States, then it is protected under US copyright laws, but not laws of other countries. International copyright, on the other hand, protects your music no matter where it was produced. A European artist can be protected by international copyright laws in the USA, for example.
No. You could copyright a drawing or photograph of the logo but the logo itself would have to be protected as a trademark.
Individual words are not protected by copyright.
Yes.
Yes. All of the photos taken in the movie are protected by copyright.
Once a work of sufficient originality is fixed in a tangible medium, it is automatically protected by copyright.
Short phrases cannot be protected by copyright, but there are several registered trademarks for that phrase.
As a corporate work, National Geographic magazines from 1923-present would be protected for 95 years. Earlier issues are in the public domain.
Yes; architectural works are protected.
The 1952 movie is protected by copyright, and will likely be protected through 2047.
The physical tape is not protected by copyright; the content on it probably is. Commercially produced tapes are certainly protected.
The content of a presentation is protected by copyright as soon as it is "fixed."