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Heavy duty stuff here! I have never heard of building stones used in airplane construction. a l929 Technical manual describes what we would now call (plasticf) laminates which were poured over steel trusses ( a technique, but using different materials- than reinforced concrete. a very interesting but dead-weight idea. However cement ships were made and used ( for freight purposes) in both Wars of the past century. One survives off Cuba as a hotel.
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What are horizontal cracks in limestone called?
Horizontal cracks in limestone are typically referred to as bedding planes. These planes form when layers of sedimentary rock, such as limestone, settle over time and can provide weaknesses in the rock that may lead to erosion.
What are joints and bedding plates and how are they different limestone?
Joints are natural fractures in limestone that result from stress in the Earth's crust, while bedding plates are horizontal layers within limestone formed by sediment deposition. Joints are usually vertical or diagonal in orientation, cutting across bedding planes. Bedding plates provide a snapshot of the environment during sedimentation, while joints allow for the movement of fluids through the rock.
What is the difference between joints and bedding planes?
Bedding planes are found exclusively in sedimentary rock. Joints are more common in igneous rock, but can be found in sedimentary rock as well. Igneous rock can never have bedding planes, but does have pseudo-bedding planes.
What type of rocks are in bedding planes?
Sedimentary rocks are common in bedding planes due to their layering structure created by the accumulation of sediments. These rocks are often easily eroded, which can result in the formation of bedding planes. Stratification and sedimentary structures are typical in rocks found in bedding planes.
Why can caverns form along joint planes?
The joints, bedding-planes and faults provide conduits for water to penetrate the limestone mass; and it is the water, slightly acidified by absorbed carbon dioxide, that dissolves the rock to form the cave.
What is the clevage of halite?
Cleavage is a property of minerals. Sandstone is a rock type. As such it doesn't have the property of cleavage.Cleavage is a metamorphic fabric. Sandstone is not a metamorphic rock and thus can not display a cleavage.
Does limestone have cleavage?
Limestone does not have cleavage in the same way minerals like mica or calcite do. Instead, limestone has a crystalline structure that can fracture in various ways depending on the presence of impurities and bedding planes.
What type of deposit form limestone caves?
They don't! Deposits don't form caves, but limestone is a sedimentary rock formed from marine or lacustrine deposits. Caves form within limestone by dissolution of its calcium carbonate by ground-water flowing through the rock's joints, bedding-planes and faults.
What is the shape of a sandstone rock?
Sandstone rocks typically have a grainy texture and are composed of sand-sized mineral particles. They can vary in color, from white and grey to red and brown, depending on the minerals present. They often have visible layers or bedding planes due to the way they form.
What is the importance of jointing and bedding planes to the underground structure of caverns?
Jointing and bedding planes are crucial to the underground structure of caverns as they play a significant role in influencing the way caves form and evolve. Jointing planes create natural weaknesses in the rock, allowing for water to penetrate and erode the rock, forming cave passages. Bedding planes can determine the overall shape and size of a cavern by influencing where the rock is more susceptible to erosion. Understanding these features is essential for cave exploration and management.
How do limestone caverns form overtime?
Dissolution of the limestone's primary constituent (calcium carbonate) by ground-water passing through the rock's joints, bedding-planes and faults from catchment to rising. To achieve it the water is rendered slightly acid by absorbed atmospheric CO2 (carbonic acid).
Why are cave typically made of limestone?
Limestone is slightly soluble in carbonic acid: rain-water acidified by carbon dioxide dissolved from the atmosphere. As the water seeps down through the joints, faults and bedding-planes within the limestone massif, from catchment area to rising (spring), it dissolves the rock's main constituent, the mineral calcium carbonate.
