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Within a month, the days are always numbered from 1 to 29 or 30 in the Jewish
calendar, while in the Civil calendar they are numbered 1 to 30, 31, 28, or 29.
Other differences:
-- The dates on western Civil calendars are written in the 10-digit decimal
system of notation that you're accustomed to seeing everywhere. On the
Jewish calendar, the dates MAY BE written in the system of numeration
that uses characters of the Hebrew alphabet without place values.
-- The months of the western Civil/business calendar, and those of the Jewish
calendar usually begin on different days, and there is a difference in the length
of months and of years. The reason is that the Jewish calendar synchronizes its
months with the visual phases of the moon, just as the Chinese and Muslim
calendars do, whereas the Western calendar departed from that system some
time ago.
Answer:
In addition to what is stated above:
1) The Jewish calendar is unlike the Muslim one in that it adjusts (by leap-month)
to synchronize with the solar year as well as the lunar one.
2) The most obvious difference between the Jewish and Western calendars is that
the Jewish years are numbered from the traditional year of Creation.
The Jewish calendar consists of twelve lunar months. It also keeps in step with the solar year, by adding a thirteenth lunar leap-month seven times every nineteen years. The Gregorian calendar, which sticks to the solar year, ignores the lunar months and does not attempt to keep in step with them.
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