Papal supremacy the claim of medieval popes that they held authority over all secular, nonreligious rulers
The history between the Pope and monarchs has not always been a smooth road. The monarchs were not happy with the pope trying to impose his rules in their country. On the other hand the Pope was trying to conquer Europe and expand the Roman Catholic empire.
True
increasing interest in secular, rather than religious, values
They were becoming less centered around religion (sacred).
A secular king or ruler is also known as a secular leader or a temporal leader. This title distinguishes them from religious leaders or clergy who hold authority in spiritual matters.
The Enlightenment was a secular movement because it emphasized reason, science, and intellectual inquiry over religious dogma and supernatural beliefs. Enlightenment thinkers sought to promote freedom of thought and challenge traditional authority, including that of the church, leading to a more secular society focused on rationality and empirical evidence.
Secular authority refers to power derived from human institutions and laws, while sacred authority is based on religious beliefs and teachings. Secular authority tends to have a broader scope, covering various aspects of society, while sacred authority typically focuses on spiritual matters and moral guidance. Ultimately, the distinction lies in the source and scope of the authority wielded by each.
Judaism isn't a centralised religion so leaders are at the community level. Leaders can be religious or secular depending on how they're associated with their community.
A secular lord is a ruler or noble who exercises power and authority over a territory without any formal religious affiliation. They derive their authority from worldly or political sources rather than religious institutions.
The Enlightenment was not a religious movement but rather a cultural, intellectual, and philosophical movement that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights. It sought to challenge traditional religious authority and promote secular thinking. While some Enlightenment thinkers were critical of organized religion and promoted secular humanism, others sought to reconcile reason with faith.
The Enlightenment was a secular movement because it emphasized reason, science, and individual rights over religious dogma and divine authority. It sought to challenge traditional beliefs and promote the idea of progress through human understanding and empirical evidence rather than through religious faith.
According to Wikipedia, in studies of religion, modern democracies are generally recognized as secular. This is due to the near-complete freedom of religion (beliefs on religion generally are not subject to legal or social sanctions), and the lack of authority of religious leaders over political decisions.Positive Ideals behind the secular society:Deep respect for individuals and the small groups of which they are a part.Equality of all people.Each person should be helped to realize their particular excellence.Breaking down of the barriers of class and caste.
A spiritual ruler derives authority from a religious belief or institution, while a secular ruler derives authority from a political or governmental position. Spiritual rulers often focus on matters of faith and morality, while secular rulers typically focus on governance and public policy.
Humanism, Reason, and by encouraging people to stand up against authority
A secular king is a ruler who does not derive their authority from religious doctrine or teachings. Instead, a secular king's power is typically based on political or traditional sources, such as inheritance or election. This type of ruler governs without being bound by religious authority or dogma.
Leaders are elected without regard to their religious or spiritual beliefs. That is by the constitution, however, voters do choose the reasons to support a candidate, and those reasons can include religion.