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The eastern part of the Roman Empire was about half of the empire. It comprised the Balkan Peninsula (south-eastern Europe) Turkey, Cyprus, northern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon Israel/Palestine, Jordan, the northern part of Saudi Arabia coast of the red Sea, Egypt and coastal eastern Libya (Cyrenaica).

Egypt was the breadbasket of the empire. It produced 50% of the grain supply to the city of Rome. Egypt also exported cotton, linen, papyrus, ivory, gemstones, ebony, ostrich feathers, leopard skins, lions, leopards and elephants. It was also the link for the sea trade with India by linking the Mediterranean with the Red Sea. Spices, herbs, sesame oil, sugar, limes, peaches, ebony, pearls and wild animals (tigers, rhinos, elephants, and snakes which were used for circus-type animal acts) were imported from India.

Jordan acted as a trade route for incense, perfumes and spices from Arabia and the Red Sea to Syria and, through there, to the rest of the empire. The ports in Syria and Turkey shipped goods which came from China, India and Persia via the Silk Road

Alexandria of Egypt was the second largest city of the empire and Antioch (in Syria) was the third one. Syrmia, Ephesus and Pergamon (in western Turkey), together with Carthage (in Tunisia, in the western part of the empire) were the next biggest cities in the empire, with a population of around half a million.

After the fall of the western part of the Roman Empire, the eastern part continued to exist into the Middle Ages. Historians have coined the term Byzantine Empire to indicate the eastern part of the empire after the fall of the western part. The Romans did not use this term.

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