Charles Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer. Although he was not able to create a computer, he came up with the design and concept of the first modern computers.
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There was no single "original invention".
Yes.
Ever since the first computer, advances in technology made it possible to maker smaller and smaller computers. The 50's reduced the size of computers drasticly with the invention of the transistor, which replaced the old glass vaccum valves. Jack Kirby, development engineer for Texas instruments is credited with the first microchip, the critical technology for microcomputers, The first one was made in 1958.
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The invention of the microchip is the event that spurred computers on to become as tiny as possible.