It was called a figurehead, and was not always a woman. It could be a man, or a representation of Neptune or other mythological figure, or a horse, lion or dragon, ie something that suited the name of the ship. For example, HMS Centurion might have the figure of a Roman soldier.
The figurehead is the carved wooden statue, usually of a woman, sometimes a mermaid, often bare-breasted.
The Figurehead - A carved figure perched on the front or bow of sailing vessels that helped establish a ship's identity.
The general term is 'figure-head'. The names of particular figure-heads depends on the name of the ship.
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The Portuguese designed a class of small, maneuverable sailing ship called a caravel.
for sailing
The Figurehead
It is called the bow of the ship.
Traditionally the term, the ship shares, indicates that the ship is not sailing directly towards its objective but rather sailing in a weaving or wavering fashion. An alternative interpretation would be ownership of part of a ship.