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From the second century BC the baths were one of the main meeting points for people. They could be big monumental complexes s with many facilities. Friends met there, rich people met their clients, and group meals could be arranged. Politicians canvassed there. Poetry readings and oratory debates were held. There was also a gym and massage areas. Bigger baths also had shops, eating outlets and areas, a swimming pool and libraries (the baths of Caracalla had two libraries, a Latin one and a Greek one) and rooms for poetry reading. The Romans believed that good health came from eating, bathing, massage and physical and mental exercise: mens sana in corpore sano (a healthy/sound mind in a healthy body). Therefore their baths provided for all of these.

Since most Roman houses had no baths, their baths were public and had a communal character, acting as a place for socialising. It was a place people went to after the end of the working day. This was particularly useful for the poor who lived in the upper floors of the tenements which, besides not having running water, only had small and overcrowded rooms where people could only sleep. The poor lived their lives outdoors, ate outdoors, and went to outdoors public toilets. For the rich, going to the baths was part of their leisured lifestyle and a place where they could meet their clients and engage in intellectual pursuits.

People sent an average of two hours at the baths. The main routine was to start with exercising and/or playing sports at the palaestra (the gym). This followed by bathing. Washing was separate from bathing. Bathers had olive oil put on their body, and had their skin scraped with special metal scrapers (the strigil). Pumice and beech ash were used to treat the skin. Afterwards they had a massage which was done with perfumed ointments such almond oil and myrrh imported from the East and Egypt.

Bathing was a long process. After undressing in the apodytermium bathers went to the tepidarium which was heated with warm air to prepare for the hot vapour of the baths and for anointing, which was usually done by slaves. They then proceeded into the caldarium, a hot air room, which contained a square-shaped pool with hot water (calida piscina) and a labrum, a round basin with cold water bathers poured on their heads before leaving the room. In imperial times a laconicumor sudatorium was added. This was a very hot, sweating room or sauna. After having opened the pores of the skin in the laconicum, bathers went into the frigidarium, which had a pool with cold water, for a cold plunge- bath to close the pores. Finally they went back to the tepidarium to reacclimatise the body before going back outdoors readjust to the outdoors temperature.

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10y ago
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13y ago

They met friends, exchanged the latest news, played games and sometimes had a snack to eat. They also met new friends.

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12y ago

Go to the cold/hot plunge, comb their hair, get a massage, go to the sauna, socialize, get rid of their dead skin with a strigil.

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Q: What did the Romans do in the public baths?
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How did bath houses make the Romans better?

No effect. After the fall of the Roman Empire the Roman baths fell into disuse and there were no baths in Europe for many centuries. Modern baths are based on modern plumbing. Modern public baths do not have a cold-plunge baths, a sauna, a gym and massage like the Roman baths.