If referring to Canada I think you are looking for Parties, as in the Liberal Party, the NDP, and the Conservatives.
But there are political action groups with more supporters and much more funding. These include environmental groups whose funding comes mainly from the USA but also world wide. They are very active and they, with other similar groups, may be the largest political units in Canada.
citystates
citystate
Confederation is also known as league. It is a union of political units for common action in relation to other units.
In Japan, there were many clans, or extended families which made up the political units. They practiced religious rituals together, lived together, and were the unit of political life. The Taika-era reforms of the 7th century established the ri as the basic social and economic unit and the gun as the smallest political unit to be governed by the central government. The gun were grouped to form more than 60 kuni provinces, the largest political units, which were ruled by governors appointed by the central government. Each kuni was composed of maritime plains, interior basins, and mountains to constitute a more or less independent geographic entity. Several adjacent kuni that were linked by a trunk road or a convenient sea route were grouped into a dō, the term signifying both the route and the region. The core region of the country was called the Kinai which is the land adjacent to the shifting imperial capitals.
They were called legions, with six to ten thousand men, the equivalent of a division in a modern army.
Balkanization means The division of a state into smaller territorial units but I believe that your question correct answer is secession movement.
A political unit made up of a city and surrounding villages is called a metropolitan area or urban agglomeration.
California has the largest number of urban units in the United States.
villages
How about confederation?
District
The subdivision of a country is called a region, state, province, or county, depending on the country. These subdivisions help organize the country into smaller administrative units for governance and political purposes.
French "states" are called Departments.
Pennsylvania has the largest by far over any other state. Although Texas has the largest active duty presence, it is actually the third largest.
Federal and State authorities have broad powers to enforce environmental laws including both civil and criminal prosecution. The political will to enforce these laws is not very powerfull at the moment. Some of them do, called Environmental Protection Units, or Dumping Units, or Hazmat Investigations
Many countries have judicial, not political 'units' controlling laws after their introduction, usually called the Supreme Courts. They may check - if such a case is brought before them - whether a law is in accordance with the country's Constitution. Among many others, the USA and Germany have this system.Other countries (such as The Netherlands) have independent State bodies (so, also not 'political' units) checking law-proposals against the Constitution before they are introduced to Parliament for approval.
federalism