Separation of powers
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The three-way division of power among the branches of the federal government is known as a system of checks and balances. The three divisions are the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
It hasn’t the “national government “ is comprised of the three branches of government. You are asking how it has harmed itself.
Separation of powers, therefore, refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. The intent is to prevent the concentration of power and provide for checks and balances.
I believe this would be referred to as a division of power and a checks and balances system.
There are not ten branches of science, there are only three. Natural science, social science, and formal science are the only branches. Everything else is a division of one of these three branches.