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The Proclamation only freed slaves in territory then in rebellion. Slavery remained legal in territory recaptured from the Confederacy prior to the Proclamation, and in states that never left the Union, such as Maryland and Kentucky.

The 13th Amendment applies to all the US, thus eliminating the impact of court decisions such as the Dread Scott Decision. In addition to abolishing slavery in the entire country it explicitly conferred citizenship rights on all former slaves, something the Proclamation did not address.

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The Proclamation was not a law. It was effectively a statement of intent, subject to the Union eventually winning the war. When the Confederacy collapsed and the states were reunited, Congress was able to pass the 13th Amendment, which made slavery illegal throughout the USA.

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Q: How was the thirteenth Amendment different from the Emancipation Proclamation?
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