Nuclear warheads are pretty flexible, and can be set to detonate in several ways, and in all mediums:
1. Underwater (e.g., ASROC)
2. Atmospheric (high altitude (EMP burst) or low altitude air burst over target
3. Contact / Terminal coordinates (e.g., GPS) detonation on land or at sea
4. Underground penetration and detonation
5. Timer set on device placed in any location
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The bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were atomic bombs and not nuclear bombs and were designed to explode above the ground and not on impact.
No, China has several hundred nuclear bombs and has had bombs since 1964.
Some atomic bombs explode on impact, most explode in the air for maximum destruction caused by the explosion spreading out over a wider area.
No
Japan has no nuclear weapons.